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C# to Microsoft's IL

By Vijay Mukhi
The .NET languages are growing more pervasive by each passing day. We, therefore decided to explore the world of Intermediate Language (IL), a language to which all the source code written in various languages such as C#, COBOL etc. get compiled. IL represents the transient stage in the process of conversion of source code into machine language. It is inescapably imperative to gain mastery over IL, because knowledge of IL translates into competence over IL code that may have originally been written in any programming language. Thus, it provides a common platform to all the programming languages. Realising its importance in the scheme of things in the .NET world, we decided to get under the skin of IL and unravel its mysteries.
IL puts an end to the unending dissidence amongst programmers with regard to the superiority of one programming language over the others. To this end, IL is a great leveller. It is also a stupendous facilitator because, in the .NET world, one part of the code may have been written in COBOL, while another may have been written in C#, but it all eventually gets converted into IL. This provides great freedom and flexibility to a programmer to select the language he/she is most familiar with and does away with the need to constantly retrain oneslf to learn new languages that seem to crop up every other day.
Our modus operandi has been to strip the sheen of complexity surrounding IL by presenting complex concepts in a simple and comprehensible manner. These concepts have been corroborated with lucid examples. We have put into service all the powers of clairvoyance at our disposal to discover and illustrate concepts of IL, that are not readily discernible to the layman.
To facilitate the understanding of the sample programs, in every example, we have first presented the source code of the programs in the C# language, and then, we have offered their equivalent IL code. Thereafter, we have applied reverse engineering to fathom the IL code by unravelling the equivalent C# code. We have demonstrated how, in some cases, IL transcends the limitations of conventional programming languages; while in others, it falls awfully short of expectations. Though we don't expect undue approbation, it would not be immodest to mention that, while working with the Beta version of IL, we have unearthed many undocumented features and lacunae, which we have highlighted in the book for your benefit.
To conclude, it can be stated that the aim of this book is to explain the various nuances of IL and to make you adept at understanding IL code. It is also our desire to alleviate your fear of lower level languages. The lure of IL lies in its simplicity coupled with its tremendous power, which makes an intoxicating cocktail. But, don't be beguiled by the apparant simplicity of the examples. We don't expect an acquiescent attitude from you. Instead, we implore you to try out all the examples by yourelf and ascertain their outcome. Thus, don't stand ruminating at the brink of this exciting sea of knowledge. Dive right in! We assure you that you shall come out a winner at the end of this sojourn into the world of IL

C# Faq For C++ Programmers

By Andy McMullan
The C# FAQ for C++ programmers was first posted in Aug 2000, and is regularly updated. It answers many of the questions that C++ developers have when they first encounter C#. I recommend that you read the .NET Framework FAQ before reading this one.
What is C#?
C# is a programming language designed by Microsoft. It is loosely based on C/C++, and bears a striking similarity to Java. Microsoft describe C# as follows:
"C# is a simple, modern, object oriented, and type-safe programming language derived from C and C++. C# (pronounced 'C sharp') is firmly planted in the C and C++ family tree of languages, and will immediately be familiar to C and C++ programmers. C# aims to combine the high productivity of Visual Basic and the raw power of C++."
How do I develop C# apps?
The (free) .NET SDK contains the C# command-line compiler (csc.exe). Visual Studio has fully integrated support for C# development. On Linux you can use Mono.
Does C# replace C++?
There are three options open to the Windows developer from a C++ background:
  • Stick with standard C++. Don't use .NET at all.
  • Use C++ with .NET. Microsoft supply a .NET C++ compiler that produces IL rather than machine code. However to make full use of the .NET environment (e.g. garbage collection), a set of extensions are required to standard C++. In .NET 1.x this extended language is called Managed Extensions for C++. In .NET 2.0 ME C++ has been completely redesigned under the stewardship of Stan Lippman, and renamed C++/CLI.
  • Forget C++ and use C#.

Each of these options has merits, depending on the developer and the application. For my own part, I intend to use C# where possible, falling back to C++ only where necessary. ME C++ (soon to be C++/CLI) is very useful for interop between new .NET code and old C++ code - simply write a managed wrapper class using ME C++, then use the managed class from C#. From experience, this works well.

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C# .NET Web Developer’s Guide

By Adrian Turtsch, DotThatCom.com, Jason Werry, Greg Hack and Joseph Albahari
For many years, C and C++ programmers have been searching for alternative programming languages that offer the same kind of flexibility and power of C and C++, but without the complexities and steep learning curve required for mastery of the language.What many programmers desired was a language that would allow applications to be built rapidly, but at the same time giving them the ability to code at low level.The search has finally ended with Microsoft’s new language—C#, a member of the .NET Framework.
C# is the revolutionary new language from Microsoft, designed solely to run on the .NET framework. Drawing experiences from C, C++, and Visual Basic, C# was designed to be a simple and modern object oriented programming language.
But why learn C#? With the integration of C# and the Visual Studio.NET (known as Visual C#), developing Windows and Web applications has been radically simplified.With full access to the .NET Class Libraries, C# includes built-in support for developing robust Web services and ASP.NET applications. (It was reportedly said that Visual Studio.NET was built entirely using C# and that most of the examples in MSDN were coded in C#.That in and of itself is a very good reason to learn C#!) Besides this, C# enhances the productivity of programmers by eliminating common errors often associated with C and C++.
While many of the earlier C# books have primarily focused on the language syntax, The C# .NET Web Developer’s Guide illustrates the uses of C# for Web developers looking to harness the new functionality and ease of this powerful programming language.The best way to learn a new language is by trying out the examples while you are reading this book.Within many chapters, you will find numerous code examples used in various practical situations; this hands-on, code-intensive approach allows you to have a deeper understanding of issues involved in C# Web development, and at the same time allows you to cut and paste portions of applicable code into your current projects, thereby shortening development time.
We are constantly working hard to produce the best technical books needed by professional programmers like you. I sincerely hope you will enjoy reading this book as much as the authors did writing it!

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